|
In ancient Roman religion, the ''rex sacrorum'' ("king of the sacred", also sometimes ''rex sacrificulus'', "(who makes ) offerings made by the king") was a senatorial priesthood〔Jörg Rüpke, ''Religion of the Romans'' (Polity Press, 2007, originally published in German 2001), p. 223 (online. )〕 reserved for patricians. Although in the historical era the ''pontifex maximus'' was the head of Roman state religion, Festus says〔Festus on the ''ordo sacerdotum'', 198 in the edition of Lindsay.〕 that in the ranking of priests, the ''rex sacrorum'' was of highest prestige, followed by the ''flamines maiores''. The ''rex'' was based in the Regia.〔Gary Forsythe, ''A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War'' (University of California Press, 2005), p. 136 (online. )〕 During the Roman Republic, the ''rex sacrorum'' was chosen by the ''pontifex maximus'' from a list of patricians submitted by the College of Pontiffs.〔Arnaldo Momigliano, "The Origins of the Roman Republic", in ''Quinto contributo alla storia degli studi classici e del mondo antico'' (Edizioni di storia e letteratura, 1975), vol. 1, p. 311, citing Livy 40.42 and Dionysius Halicarnassus 5.1.4.〕 A further requirement was that he be born from parents married through the ritual of ''confarreatio'', which was also the form of marriage he himself had to enter.〔Kurt A. Raaflaub, ''Social Struggles in Archaic Rome: New Perspectives on the Conflict of the Orders'' (Blackwell 2005, originally published 1986), p. 223 (online. )〕 His wife, the ''regina sacrorum'', also performed religious duties specific to her role.〔Rüpke, ''Religion of the Romans'', p. 223.〕 Marriage was thus such a fundamental part of the priesthood that if the ''regina'' died, the ''rex'' had to resign.〔Although scholars agree that this applied to the ''rex sacrorum'', the requirement that the priest resign if his wife should die is better documented for the Flamen Dialis.〕 The ''rex sacrorum'' wore a toga, the undecorated soft "shoeboot" ''(calceus)'', and carried a ceremonial axe; as a priest of archaic Roman religion, he sacrificed ''capite velato'', with head covered.〔Norma Goldman, "Roman Footwear" and "Reconstructing Roman Clothing", in ''The World of Roman Costume'' (University of Wisconsin Press, 1994), pp. 125 and 216 (online. )〕 The ''rex'' held a sacrifice on the Kalends of each month. On the Nones, he announced the dates of festivals for the month. On March 24 and May 24, he held a sacrifice in the Comitium.〔Mary Beard, J.A. North, and S.R.F. Price, ''Religions of Rome: A History'' (Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 56.〕 The ''rex sacrorum'' was a feature of Italic religion and possibly also Etruscan. The title is found in Latin cities such as Lanuvium, Tusculum, and Velitrae. At Rome the priesthood was deliberately depoliticized;〔See for instance Livy 2.2.1.〕 the ''rex sacrorum'' was not elected, and his inauguration was merely witnessed by a ''comitia calata'', an assembly called for the purpose. Like the ''flamen Dialis'' but in contrast to the pontiffs and augurs, the ''rex'' was barred from a political and military career. He was thus not a "decayed king"; rather, after the overthrow of the kings of Rome, the office of ''rex sacrorum'' fulfilled at least some of the sacral duties of kingship, with the consuls assuming political power and military command, as well as some sacral functions. It is a matter of scholarly debate as to whether the ''rex sacrorum'' was created during the formation of the Republic, as Arnaldo Momigliano argued, or had existed in the Regal period.〔Tim Cornell, ''The Beginning of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars'' (Routledge, 1995), pp. 234–235 (online ); Momigliano, "The Origins of the Roman Republic", pp. 311–312 (online. )〕 Another Roman priest given the title "king" was the ''rex Nemorensis''. ==Regina sacrorum== As the wife of the ''rex sacrorum'', the ''regina sacrorum'' ("queen of the sacred rites") was a high priestess who carried out ritual duties only she could perform. On the Kalends of every month, the ''regina'' presided at the sacrifice of a sow ''(porca)'' or female lamb ''(agna)'' to Juno.〔Emily A. Hemelrijk, "Women and Sacrifice in the Roman Empire," in ''Ritual Dynamics and Religious Change in the Roman Empire. Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Heidelberg, July 5–7, 2007)'' (Brill, 2009), pp. 258–259 (online ), citing Macrobius, ''Saturnalia'' 1.15.19.〕 The highly public nature of these sacrifices, like the role of the Vestals in official Roman religion, contradicts the commonplace notion that women's religious activities in ancient Rome were restricted to the private or domestic sphere. Unlike the Vestals, however, the ''regina sacrorum'' and the ''flaminica Dialis'' (the wife of the ''flamen Dialis'' or high priest of Jupiter) were complements to a male partner; these two priesthoods were gender-balanced and had shared duties.〔Celia E. Schultz, ''Women's Religious Activity in the Roman Republic'' (University of North Carolina Press, 2006), pp. 79–81.〕 While performing her rituals, the ''regina'' wore a headdress called the ''arculum'', formed from a garland of pomegranate twigs tied up with a white woolen thread.〔Servius, note to ''Aeneid'' 4.137; pomegranate = ''malus Punica'', "Phoenician apple."〕 The ''rex'' and ''regina sacrorum'' were required to marry by the ritual of ''confarreatio'', originally reserved for patricians, but after the ''Lex Canuleia'' of 445 BC, it is possible that the ''regina'' could have been plebeian.〔Michael Lipka, ''Roman Gods: A Conceptual Approach'' (Brill, 2009), pp. 182–183.〕 Inscriptions record the names of a few ''reginae sacrorum'', including Sergia Paullina, the wife of Cn. Pinarius Cornelius Severus, shortly before 112 AD, and Manlia Fadilla around the 2nd/3rd century AD.〔Jörg Rüpke, ''Fasti sacerdotum: A Prosopography of Pagan, Jewish, and Christian Religious Officials in the City of Rome, 300 BC to AD 499'' (Oxford University Press, 2008, originally published in German 2005), pp. 223, 783, 840.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rex Sacrorum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|